India’s anti-conversion laws have led to increased violence against Christians in the eleven states where they are in force, most led by Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party.
Officially called “Freedom of Religion” laws, they are intended to stop Hindus being converted to other religions. The laws forbid conversion by “force, fraud or allurement” and state that those who wish to convert must first gain official permission and that religious leaders must report conversions or risk imprisonment.
Extremists use the laws as a licence to attack Christians, claiming they are forcing Hindus to convert. Typically, attackers burst into church services, beat the Christians and have them arrested on false charges of forcibly converting Hindus. The attackers generally act with impunity and police rarely arrest them. The laws are not applied to Hindus and many people who have left Hinduism are coerced to convert back in “Ghar wapsi” (“homecoming”) ceremonies.
Another motivation behind the introduction of anti-conversion laws is the desire to counter “Love Jihad”. This is an emotive term used by radical Hindu groups to stoke sectarian fear by accusing Muslim men of luring Hindu women into marriage in order to force their conversion to Islam, and is the driver of laws criminalising conversion solely for the purpose of marriage.
Anti-conversion laws have been passed in fourteen states, but in two states they are not active and another is waiting for the assent of the state governor. They have been passed in Arunachal Pradesh (the state government has not yet framed the rules needed to enforce the laws, but is moving towards implementation), Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh (parts were repealed after a court challenge brought by the Evangelical Fellowship of India, but in August 2019 the Bharatiya Janata Party-led government passed a new bill adding to the laws and introducing longer prison sentences), Jharkhand, Karnataka (the Indian National Congress party promised repeal after it defeated the BJP in state elections in May 2023), Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan (passed in September 2025), Tamil Nadu (passed in 2002 and repealed in 2004), Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh.
In March 2026 Maharashtra state’s Legislative Assembly passed the Freedom of Religion Bill 2026, which is waiting for the assent of the state governor to come into force.
In recent years several states have introduced new or harsher anti-conversion laws, which have been used by Hindu militants to justify attacks on Christians. Indian Christians fear that under Hindu nationalist pressure the laws will be enacted at national level. Since 2015, ministers of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party government have called for the adoption of a nationwide anti-conversion law, but the Ministry of Law and Justice has advised against the move, saying the constitution stipulates that passing laws on such matters rests with individual states. Critics of the call for a nationwide anti-conversion law see it as an attack on the secular values of India’s constitution.
The frequency with which cases are registered under the laws (and the associated violence) causes fear among Christians and undermines their religious freedom, which is guaranteed under the Indian constitution and international covenants to which India is a signatory.
(Christian Solidarity Worldwide, Church in Chains India Country Profile, Evangelical Fellowship of India, Library of Congress, UCA News, World Watch Monitor)